This review discusses and compares the therapeutic abilities of MSCs from different sources for bone and cartilage diseases. Accordingly, differential identification of MSCs’ secretome enables us to make optimal choices in skeletal disorders considering various sources. It is believed that the salutary effects of MSCs from different sources are not alike in terms of repairing or reformation of injured skeletal tissues. MSCs obtained from various sources have diverse capabilities of secreting many different cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines. ![]() These cells are capable of differentiating into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and myocytes in vitro. The most widely studied sources of MSCs are bone marrow (BM), adipose tissue, muscle, umbilical cord (UC), umbilical cord blood (UCB), placenta (PL), Wharton’s jelly (WJ), and amniotic fluid. These cells are one of the most attractive candidates in regenerative medicine, and their use could be helpful in repairing and regeneration of skeletal disorders through several mechanisms including homing, angiogenesis, differentiation, and response to inflammatory condition. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells with mesodermal and neural crest origin. The use of stem cells for tissue repair has raised many promises in various medical fields, including skeletal disorders. ![]() Skeletal disorders are among the leading debilitating factors affecting millions of people worldwide.
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